The Internet of Things (IoT) fundamentally refers to a network of interconnected physical devices—"things"—embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies that enable them to collect and exchange data over the internet. This connectivity allows for seamless communication between devices and systems, facilitating automation, remote monitoring, and data-driven decision-making. From smart home appliances and wearable devices to industrial machinery and urban infrastructure, IoT applications are transforming various aspects of daily life and business operations. The proliferation of affordable sensors, robust network connectivity, and cloud computing has fueled the rapid expansion of IoT, driving innovation across industries and creating a more connected and intelligent world.