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The post A Shell Script to Monitor Network, Diske, Uptime, Load, and RAM in Linux first appeared on Tecmint: Linux Howtos, Tutorials & Guides .The duty of a System Administrator is really tough as they have to monitor the servers, users, logs, create backups, and so on. For the The post A Shell Script to Monitor Network, Diske, Uptime, Load, and RAM in Linux first appeared on Tecmint: Linux Howtos, Tutorials & Guides.View the full article

At its simplest, RAM (Random Access Memory) is a type of computer memory, often referred to as short-term memory because it is volatile, meaning that the data is not saved when the power is turned off. When business users switch on the computer, the operating system and applications are loaded to the computer RAM which is directly connected to the CPU, making the data quickly accessible for processing. In corporate settings, RAM (memory modules) comes in different shapes and sizes. DIMM (Dual In-Line Memory Module) can be found in desktops, workstations and servers, while laptops require smaller physical size SODIMM (Small Outline DIMM). A memory module contains several DRAM (Dynamic RAM) chips which is a type of semiconductor memory. Dynamic simply means that the data held by transistors in the chips is constantly refreshed. The number of DRAM chips found on a memory module varies depending on its capacity (8GB, 16GB, 32GB). The lithography of DRAM chips has been revised and improved many times over recent decades and this has led not only to reductions in cost-per-bit, but also to reducing the dimensions of the component and increasing the clock rate. Overall, DRAM now delivers faster performance and higher capacities but uses less power which cuts energy costs, controls heat and extends battery life. DRAM operate in one of two modes, synchronous or asynchronous. Asynchronous was the common DRAM technology used up until the end of the 1990s. Synchronous mode means that read, write and refresh operations are controlled with a system clock, synchronous with the clock speed of a computer’s CPU. Today’s computers use synchronous mode, or Synchronous Random Access Memory (SDRAM) which connects to the system board via a memory module. New generations of DRAM The latest version of SDRAM is DDR5 (Double Data Rate 5th generation), which comes in a range of standard speeds, starting with 4800M/Ts (megatransfers per second) and is an indicator of the speed at which data is transferred on and off the memory module. Approximately every seven years, a new memory generation is introduced, which is designed to accommodate the ever-increasing demand for speed, density and configurations in business computing environments. DDR5, for example, is designed with new features that provide higher performance, lower power and more robust data integrity for the next decade of computing. It debuted in 2021. IT decision makers who are considering purchasing memory must be aware that memory modules are not backwards compatible. DDR5 memory will not physically slot into a DDR4 or DDR3 memory socket. Within a memory generation, faster speeds are backwards compatible. For example, if a user buys a standard DDR5–5600MT/s module and uses it with a 12th Generation Intel processor, the speed memory will automatically ‘clock down’ to operate at 4800M/Ts, the speed supported by the host system or lower. This will vary depending on the model of the CPU and the number of memory modules installed in the system. It’s essential to know the processor and motherboard already installed in the computer when planning on upgrading memory, but there are some other considerations too. Most PCs have four RAM sockets, some, such as workstations, have as many as eight, but laptops are likely to have only two accessible memory sockets, and in thin models, there may only be one. Different types of RAM Even though they may look similar and have the same function, the type of memory module found in HEDT (High-End Desktop) and servers is different than the ones found in PCs. Intel Xeon and the AMD Epyc range of server CPUs come with a higher number of CPU cores and more memory channels compared to Intel Core and AMD Ryzen desktop CPUs, therefore the specifications and features of the RAM for servers differ from the ones for PCs. Server CPUs require Registered DIMM which supports the ECC (Error Correcting Code) feature, allowing to correct bits error occurring on the memory bus (between the memory controller and the DRAM chip), ensuring the integrity of the data. RDC (Registered Clock Driver) is an additional component found on RDIMM, not present on Unbuffered DIMM (UDIMM), and it ensures that all components on the memory module are operating at the same clock cycle allowing the system to remain stable when a high number of modules are installed. The type of memory module made for desktops and laptops is generally Non-ECC Unbuffered DIMM. The data processed by users on these types of systems is considered less critical than the data being processed by servers which are hosting websites or handling online transactional processing, for example, and need to respect specific SLAs (Service-Level Agreements) and up times of 99.9999% 24/7. Non-ECC UDIMMs contain less components and features than RDIMMs and are therefore more affordable while remaining a reliable memory solution. Unbuffered types of RAM exist in both DIMM and SODIMM form factor. Boosting performance RAM memory is primarily sold in single modules, but it is also available in kits of two, four or eight, ranging in capacity from 4GB for DDR3 to 96GB for DDR5 (in single modules) and up to 256GB in kits (256GB is offered only as a kit of 8 in DDR4 and DDR 5). The configurations match the memory channel architecture, and when installed correctly can deliver a major boost in performance. To provide an example of the performance potential, upgrading a DDR5-4800MT/s module with a peak bandwidth of 38.4 GB/s to a dual channel setup, instantly expands the bandwidth to 76.8GB/s. Accelerating speed Users with industry standard speeds are limited to what their computer’s processor and motherboard will support, particularly if it won’t allow modules to be installed into a second memory bank. On a dual channel motherboard with four sockets, these are arranged in two memory banks, where each memory channel has two sockets. If a DDR5 user can install modules into a second bank, in most cases, the memory may be forced to clock-down to a slower speed to allow for limitations inside the processor. Users looking for a considerable boost, such as gamers, can opt for overclockable memory. This can be done safely using Intel XMP and AMD EXPO profiles however, professional help is advisable. Selecting the right gaming memory for overclocking a system means deciding on price verses speed versus capacity, the potential limitations of motherboards and processors, and RGB versus non-RGB (to bring in the benefits of lighting). Useful glossary of terms Apart from the acronyms we’ve already explained above, here are some additional terms that it will be useful to know: CPU – Central Processing Units are the core of the computer. PMIC – Power Management Integrate Circuits help to regulate the power required by the components of the memory module. For server-class modules, the PMIC uses 12V; for PC-class modules, it uses 5V. SPD hub – DDR5 uses a new device that integrates the Serial Presence Detect EEPROM with additional features, manages access to the external controller and decouples the memory load on the internal bus from external. On-die ECC - Error Correction Code that mitigates the risk of data leakage by correcting errors within the chip, increasing reliability and reducing defect rates. 2CH, 4CH, 8CH – Single RAM modules – dual channel, quad channel, octal channel. MHz – MHz is an abbreviation of megahertz and means a million cycles per second, or one million hertz. This unit of frequency measurement is used to denote the speed at which data moves within and between components. MT/s is short for megatransfers (or million transfers) per second and is a more accurate measurement for the effective data rate (speed) of DDR SDRAM memory in computing. Non-binary memory – The density of DRAM chips usually doubles with each iteration, but with DDR5, an intermediary density – 24Gbit – was introduced, which provides more flexibility and is called non-binary memory. GB/s - Gigabytes per second. A Gigabyte is a unit of data storage capacity that is approximately 1 billion bytes. It has been a common unit of capacity measurement for data storage products since the mid-1980s. Link! This article was produced as part of TechRadarPro's Expert Insights channel where we feature the best and brightest minds in the technology industry today. The views expressed here are those of the author and are not necessarily those of TechRadarPro or Future plc. If you are interested in contributing find out more here: https://www.techradar.com/news/submit-your-story-to-techradar-pro View the full article

AWS Resource Access Manager (AWS RAM) can now be used for workloads subject to Service Organization Control (SOC) compliance and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) ISO 9001, ISO 27001, ISO 27017, ISO 27018 and ISO 27701 standards. Now, customers in finance, healthcare, and other regulated sectors can get insights into the security processes and controls that protect customer data which can be found in the SOC reports, AWS ISO and CSA STAR certificates in AWS Artifact. AWS' alignment with these standards in addition to the independent third-party assessment of these internationally recognized code of practices demonstrates AWS' commitment to the privacy and protection of customers' content. View the full article

RAM stands for Random Access Memory considered as an important part of any computer system. When you open a file for editing or viewing its content, the system creates a temporary instance of this particular file in RAM so that you can do processing on it. Moreover, your system’s operating environment and RAM act as a medium on which you run a program. If you have a fresh Ubuntu operating system or VPS (Virtual Private Server) and you don’t have enough information about RAM, how much it is installed and used, the RAM speed, then this article is written for you. In this article, we will show you how to check how much RAM or memory is installed on your Linux system and how to check its speed. We have implemented all the commands on Ubuntu 20.04 operating system. Let’s get started! As we mentioned above, we will work on Ubuntu 20.04 command-line environment. Therefore, we need to open the Terminal application to explain RAM monitoring tasks. The terminal window can be accessed either using the Ubuntu Application launcher search bar or you can launch it through the Ctrl+Alt+T shortcut. Check RAM Size and Availability Using the following command, you can check how much RAM is installed on your Ubuntu 20.04 system: $ free The above command is used to check memory and swap utilization on your system in a few lines. If you will not use any switch, then the output to be printed in kilobytes. It is better to use switch -h along with the free command that shows the installed RAM and swap utilization in 3 nearest possible digit format. $ free -h The highlighted part ‘Mem’ in the above image provides you the complete information about the RAM on your system. The ‘total’ column shows you the installed RAM in GBs on your system. The available and columns represent the available free GBs for use and about the RAM that how much is used in your system respectively. The -s switch allows free to run continuously for seconds, it shows a new output after the specified number of seconds. For example, we want to execute the free command for every 3 seconds then we will use the following command: $ free -s 3 Check RAM usage with top command The top command displays all information about memory utilization for each process on your system. This command is preinstalled on every Linux system. But if it is not available you can install it using the apt command. You can run the top command on your system as follows: $ top Observe the %mem column. If you want to view a process that is utilizing much memory then, press Shift+m. It will sort the programs based on the memory usage on top. This is the benefit of this command that you can monitor the memory usage of your system at a quick glance. Press q to exit from the top menu. Check RAM usage with htop command The htop command displays the overall information about RAM utilization in which it continuously updates the statistics and shows you how much memory is used by each process. Unlike free commands, the htop utilities are often not installed on Linux systems by default. However, you can install it by using the following commands on the terminal: $ sudo apt install htop Once the installation is completed, you can run it through the terminal. $ htop Press the F6 key to sort the memory utilization output. Under the %mem column, you can monitor the memory statistics. To exit from the current htop menu press ‘F10’. Htop is a free ncurses-based process GPL viewer for all Linux distributions. It is quite similar to the top command, but the htop command also allows you to scroll horizontally and vertically, so it gives the complete information along with their full command lines about all the processes that are running on the system. Check RAM using /proc/meminfo You can take the memory-related information from the /proc file system. These files keep the dynamic information about the system and kernel. Run the following command to display the memory information: $ cat /proc/meminfo Check RAM type and Speed Different types of RAM are available in the market in which DDR1, DDR2, DDR3, and DDR4. DDR, SDRAM, and DRAM were included. The speed of a RAM we take in terms of cycles means how much cycles are completed in one second. $ sudo dmidecode --type memory | less Using the above command, you can check RAM type and speed. Use arrows keys to navigate between the displayed options. Conclusion In this article, we have shown the implementation of different commands that are very useful for checking your system’s RAM. Moreover, you can also detect RAM error using the memtester and memtest utility which has already been covered in the previous article. So, all of the above commands are important for every Linux user. That’s all about monitoring your RAM. Please give us your suggestions or send queries via the comments. View the full article